“A-G” SUBJECT REQUIREMENTS AS OF 2005 FOR CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY (CSU) & UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA (UC)

A. History/Social Science – 2 years required
Two years of history/social science, including one year of World History and one year of US History or one half year of American Government.

B. English – 4 years required
Four years of college preparatory English.  Students may only use one year of ESL/ELD (Sheltered English).

C. Mathematics – 3 years required, 4 years recommended
Three years of college preparatory mathematics that includes the topics covered in Algebra I, Geometry, and Algebra II.

D. Laboratory Science – 2 years required, 3 recommended
Two years of laboratory science, including two of the three fundamental disciplines of Biology, Chemistry, and Physics.

E. Language Other than English – 2 years required, 3 recommended
Two years of the same language other than English.

F. Visual and Performing Arts – 1 year required
Two semesters of approved courses from a single discipline: visual art, theater, music (choral or instrumental).

G. College Preparatory Elective – 1 year required One year (2 quarters) in addition to those required in “a-g” above, with the exception of courses marked with a  blue diamond in Mathematics, Foreign Language, and VPA.


 

SCHOLARSHIP REQUIREMENTS:

1.                   1. At least 7 of the above courses must be completed during the last two years of high school.

2.                   2. All required courses must be college prep level (or above) and completed with an earned grade of “C” or better.

3.                   3. Only the grades students earn in grades 10, 11, & 12, in the above courses, are used to calculate the GPA.            However, grade 9 courses can be used to meet the subject require ments, if the student earns a grade of “C” or better.

4.                   4. CSU - If a student’s GPA is 2.0 - 3.0, the student has met the minimum requirement for admission if they have an acceptable CSU eligibilty index.  This eligibilty index is based on GPA and the SAT or ACT test scores (without writing).  If a student’s GPA is 3.0 or higher, the student has met the minimum requirement for admission. UC - If a student’s GPA is 3.0 or higher, the student has met the minimum requirement if they have an acceptable UC eligibilty index.  The UC eligibility index is the GPA, ACT or SAT scores (including writing) and 2 Subject Tests (SAT II).

 

SPECIAL NOTE:

Meeting the minimum subject and scholarship requirements does not guarantee a student admission to the campus or major selected by a student. 

UC admission is extremely competitive.

 

The following information is being provided to assist parents, teachers, advisors, and counselors as they guide students through the process of selecting a graduation option.


 

GRADUATION PROCESS

Graduation from Helix is completed in a two-step process –Division I and Division II.  Students who are beginning high school enter Division I.  The program of study in Division I will focus on student demonstration of literacy and numeracy. Additionally, every student will develop a statement of educational purpose that will reveal personal responsibility & determination for his/her own educational direction. Division I requirements may be accomplished by course completion or demonstration of competency.  Completion of Division I will typically take place at or near the end of the second year at Helix.  Some students may need more time to complete Division I, and others may need less.  Students fulfilling Division I requirements enter Division II. The program of study in Division II will further develop student literacy and numeracy in breadth and depth. Every student will complete, as part of Division II requirements, a career option program and a Senior Project.  Division II requirements may be accomplished by course completion or demonstration of competency Completion of Division II will typically take place at the end of the fourth year at Helix. Some students may need more time to complete Division II, and others may need less. Any student completing Division I and II is entitled to graduate from Helix High School.


 

GRADUATION OPTIONS PROGRAMS-DIVISION II

OPTION 1. Career Path Completion: Students choosing this option will complete a career path as a means to graduation. All career path curriculums at Helix Charter High School will incorporate academic core requirements and career specific electives. Career path completion will lead directly to qualification for the UC & CSU system or entry into the workforce.

Career Paths each have:

.                       • A career theme, such as health, business, or automotives, which is usually determined by local  
  employment opportunities and evidence of growing demand for such expertise in the market.

.                       • Traditional academic classes (such as mathematics, English, science and social studies) com  
   bined with career theme-related classes, innovative instructional methods and, often, project- 
   based learning.

.                       • Rigorous and relevant curriculum, which combines academic and technical content.      Both are 
  essential, and the two are integrated, showing the relationship between academic skills and
  real-world jobs.  Students in academies will be held to the same core course standards and
  competencies as non-career academy students.
  and provide work experience for the students.

.                       • An advisory group, which includes local employers. 



 

1) HELIX BUSINESS CAREER PATH ACADEMY

This career path program fulfills graduation Option 1 of the Helix Charter High School Graduation Requirements.Career Paths (Option 1), differ from Focused Elective Programs (Option 2), in that Career Paths feature team teaching with integrated curriculum.  Benefits of Career Paths include all of the following:

.                       • Students attend overnight field trips to attend trade fairs and business competitions around the
  state of California.

.                       • Priority registration for Career Path courses and teachers.

.                       • Students will become part of a team of teachers and students, which will make learning more intimate
 and personable.   

.                       • Students are grouped together by interest rather than ability, therefore teachers can deliver their
  curriculum in a more relevant and  meaningful way without sacrificing rigor. Teachers will strive to
  help students make a connection between coursework and the world of work.

 

PROGRAM SPECIFIC-SEQUENCE OF COURSES

1ST Year Div. II

RECOMMENDED PREREQUISITE(S)                                                                                              EXAMPLES OF CAREER POSSIBILITIES:

.                       • Finance Management      Accountant, Bank Manager, Business Owner,  Computer Information Systems,   

.                                     Marketing 1/2 Executive Secretary, FBI Agent, Financial Analyst, Hospitality Management,   Marketing Director, Sales Representative, Stock Broker


 

2nd Year Div. II

MANDATORY CLASSES

.                       • Business English 7/8 or AP English Literature

.                       • Accounting 1

.                       • Economics/Virtual Enterprise



 

2) HELIX MEDIA PRODUCTION CAREER PATH

This career path program fulfills graduation Option 1 of the Graduation Requirements.  Benefits of Career Paths include all of the following:

.                       • Priority registration for Career Path courses and teachers

.                       • Students will become part of a team of teachers and students that will make learning more
   intimate and personable.

.                       • Additionally, students will receive extra support and guidance working on their Senior Project.
The Senior Project will take on a Career Focus.

.                       • Past students have toured local news studios, witnessed a live taping of a TV show, produced
  music videos for MTV, produced material for local television shows,and taken fieldtrips to large 
  Hollywood studios.

 

PROGRAM SPECIFIC-SEQUENCE OF COURSES

1ST Year Div. II

MANDATORY CLASS EXAMPLES OF CAREER POSSIBILITIES:

                        • Telecommunications Casting Company, Audio Engineer, Editor, 2D &  3D Graphic Artist, Scriptwriter,

                        Technical Director, Executive producer, Director, Production Manager, Designer,   2nd Year Div. II Scene/Lighting Designer, Production Assistant,Voiceover (Narrator), Camera MANDATORY CLASSES Operator, Music Composer, Line Producer, Design Assistant, Assistant Production          

.                       • Film as Literature Manager, or Actor/Actress.

 

* NOTE : Advisory class for Media Production Career Path will be with Mr. Guarnotta or Ms. Lazzarini.Telecommunications and Film as Literature are the only two required courses. Students will complete media related assignments in some of their other courses. These are not extra assignments; students will simply complete a few regular assignments with a media emphasis to make classes more relevant to a career in Media.  For educational enrichment, students may take 3D Animation,Photo, Journalism, Speech, or Drama.

OPTION 2. Focused Elective Program: Students choosing this option will select/develop & complete a focused elective program as well as undertake all course requirements for entrance into the UC/CSU system.  A focused elective program is an approved sequence of at least 3 courses, which provide increasing depth and breadth of learning, in a chosen fi eld of study. Unlike Career Paths (Option 1), the curriculums in the focused elective programs  are neither team-taught nor integrated.  Students may select from the following list of approved programs or they may submit their own focused elective program for approval:

Anatomy: Physics, Physiology, plus either AP Chemistry or AP Biology
Architecture: Drafting 1-4 & Pre-Calc. or Drafting 1-4, Construction Tech.& Physics
Art: Art 1-4, plus one of the following: Art 5/6, Digital Imagery, AP Studio Art
Broadcast Journ: Drama, Telecommunications 1/2, & Journalism
Business: AP Micro & Macro Economics plus one of the following: Virtual Enterprise,
 Finance Mgt: Accounting
Coaching: Sports Medicine1/2, Physiology, & Weight Training
Const. Tech: Two terms of Construction Tech plus two of the following: Furniture Manf.
Drafting 1/2, Graphics or Interior Design
Digital Arts: Digital Imagery 1/2, 3D Animation, & Graphics 1/2
Digital Media: Yearbook, Journalism, & one of the following: Graphics1/2 or Telecomm1/2
Drafting: Drafting 1-4, plus two of the following: Const. Tech., Furn. Manf., .
Drafting 5/6, Interior Design or Graphics
Education: Child Dev. & Psychology plus two quarters of Academic/Peer Tutoring
Foreign Lang: Four terms of the same F.L. plus taking the AP exam or three terms of the
same F.L. plus one term of a diff erent F.L.
Furniture Manf: Two terms of F.M. plus two of the following: Const. Tech., Drafting 1/2,
Interior Design, or Graphics
Geographic Info (GIS)1, GIS 2 and AP Environmental Science, AP Government, Marketing,
Systems: Digital Arts and Virtual Enterprise
Instr. Music: 4 years of Band or Orchestra plus Music Theory
Performing Arts: 4 courses in the Performing Arts Department

Politics: Speech, ASB, and AP Government
Pre-Engineering: Pre-Calc & 2 of the following: Physics, Chemistry, or Statistics
Printing & Graph: ROP Printing & Graphics (preferably 2 terms) plus two of the following: Art,

Digital Imagery, Photography, AP Studio Art or Yearbook.
Pre-Med.: Chemistry, Physics & either AP Bio. or Physiology
Psychology: Psychology, Statistics 1/2 plus either Chemistry, Physics, or Physiology
Publications: Publications 1-4, Photography, Journalism
Physical Ed: Two of the following: Weight Training, Physical Fitness, Dance, or PE 10-12
plus two of the following: Sports Med. 1/2, Single Survival, or Physiology
Sports Medicine: Pysiology, Beginning Sports Med., Adv. Sports Medicine, & Sports in History

OPTION 3. Helix ROP/Voc. Ed. or Off Campus Program: This option exists for students who are not interested  in any of the programs listed in Options 1 & 2.Students choosing to complete this option should be motivated & interested in a rigorous program of study, which includes off-campus, specialized training/college courses or completion of an ROP program which lead to certification &career development.  Completion of this program will lead directly to qualificationfor the UC & CSU system or entry into the workforce. Helix ROP/Voc. Ed. Programs include:

 Printing &
Graphics: Students must complete four quarters of Printing &Graphics plus ROP competency requirements leading to a certificate of completion.

 Computer Repair/
 A+ Certification:  Students must complete four quarters of ROP Computer Repair/A+ Certification & must meet the ROP competency requirements & earn a certificate of completion.
Computer Apps: Students must complete four quarters of ROP Computer Applications & must meet the ROP competency requirements & earn a certificate of completion.

Examples of Off -Campus Programs:

.                       • Community College/ROP Courses in the Culinary Arts or Automotives

.                       • ROP Fire Science-El Cajon Valley High School

.                        • Certificated apprenticeship programs in the building trades

.                       • Coast Guard Certifi cation Program



 

 ADDITIONALLY...

.                       • All HCHS graduates, either through their program of study, certification, or direct assessment  will demonstrate technological competency.

.                       • All HCHS graduates, either through their program of study, certification, or direct assessment will demonstrate fi tness competency.

.                       • All HCHS graduates will complete a career exploration research paper connected to their graduation option.

.                       • All HCHS graduates will complete a senior project as a culminating demonstration of the school wide Expected Student Learning Results (ESLRs).

 

* Division II courses or demonstrations of competencies in the following areas must be completed to satisfy the requirements: English (two courses), Mathematics (one course), US History, Economics/US Government, Science (one course), & Fine Arts (one course). 



 

ACADEMIC PROBATION POLICY

In order for all students to achieve academic success at Helix Charter High School, the Helix Charter Governing Board adopted an Academic Probation Policy requiring all students to maintain a cumulative grade point average (GPA) of 2.0.  This is another proactive attempt by the school to support students in obtaining their highest academic potential. This academic policy states that:

1.                   1. Students failing to maintain a cumulative GPA of 2.0 are considered to be in poor academic standing and will be placed on academic probation.

2.                   2. Students failing to raise their cumulative GPA to 2.0 by the end of any term will be referred to a probationary committee and placed on an academic probation contract.

3.                   3. Students failing to meet the stipulations set forth in the probation contract may be referred for alternative educational placement.

 

It is the school’s desire that all students achieve academic success that will translate into future success in college, the workplace, and their personal lives.  Students should attend Wednesday Morning Tutorials and After-School Tutorials.  Library and computer lab services are also available to students before school, at lunch, and after school.  Sophomores, Juniors, and Seniors who are on academic probation will be enrolled in a tutorial class for extra support.


 

GRADE LEVEL TEAM CONTACT

Parents/guardians are encouraged to contact your student’s Grade Level Team (GLT ) at the following extensions regarding issues pertinent to their academic success. Moreover, parents/ guardians should meet with their student’s teachers at Open House Nights and Parent/Teacher Saturday Conference Days.  Parents/guardians may also wish to conference with teachers by phone or e-mail.

ART

Art 1-2:  This two-quarter course offers an exciting investigation into the elements of design and how they apply to art creation, art history and theory.  Students will explore multiple art medias
in the application of projects, exercises and studies of artists that came before them. Art lectures will be provided. Students will learn to plan, propose, produce and critique artwork from stills,
models, and from their imagination.  This course meets the Helix graduation requirements for Fine Arts and meets the UC/CSU Fine Arts “F” requirement.

Art 3-4:  This two-quarter course continues the exploration into the arts through the principles of design.  Students will expand their skills and creativity through investigations of art medias,
other artist’s works, class critiques and observation.  Students will be encouraged to build a portfolio and investigate other possible art careers.  Prerequisite: Grade of C or better in Art 1-2 or
portfolio approval. 

Art 5-6: This two-quarter course builds upon the prerequisite course work previous offered and fosters more independent work to broaden the students particular artistic needs while
continuing the studies of other artists, art history and class critiques.  Students will continue to build their portfolio and investigate possible art college options.  Prerequisite: Grade of C or better
in Art 3-4 or teacher okay.

Art 7-8: (11-12)  This two-quarter course is for the strong Art student.  You will develop a portfolio to present to art colleges, help develop and put on the Helix Senior Art Show, and hone your
understanding of art today. This course satisfies the GUHSD graduation requirement for Fine Art and the “G” Requirement for UC/CSU. 
Prerequisite:  Grade of C or better in Art 5-6 or teacher approval. 

AP Studio Art: (11-12)  If you are planning to go on in art after school or just want an intense, rigorous art making experience, this class is for you. You will broaden your artistic scope, choose an
area of focus, and learn how to put together a portfolio that shows what you can do.  You will work under the advisement of the instructor, but will be charting your own exploratory course.  This
class will prepare you for AP Art portfolio submission.  Prerequisite:  Art 3-4 and instructor approval.

Photography 1-2: (10-12) This beginning two-quarter course emphasizes the fundamentals of black and white photography, such as: camera operation, proper exposure, composition, history,
film developing, printing, and careers.  Students should have an adjustable single-lens reflex 35mm camera.  This course satisfies the Helix graduation requirement for Fine Art and the “F”
Requirement for UC/CSU.

Photography 3-4: (11-12)  This two-quarter course is open to students who have achieved a “C” grade in Photography 1, 2.  The course will advance the students’ skills in camera and darkroom
use.  Problem solving, research, and fine-tuning of compositional perception will be encouraged.  This course satisfies the Helix graduation requirement for Fine Art and the “G” Requirement for
UC/CSU.

Photography 5-6: (11-12)  This is an advanced Photo course open to students who have achieved a “B” grade previously in Photo 3-4.  In this course, students will explore advanced photo
techniques, including infrared, medium format, tabletop, and more. Research into photographic styles is also an important part of the course.  This course satisfies the Helix graduation
requirement for Fine Art and the “G” Requirement for UC/CSU.

Digital Art 1-2:  This is a two-quarter art elective class.  In this class you will learn about the history of manipulated images, the ethics of editing images, aesthetics, artistic perception, artistic
composition, and creativity.  Students will work with original photographs and electronic images.  You will expand basic computer skills, learn new programs like Photoshop, Illustrator,
PageMaker, and Director. This course meets the “F” requirement.



 

BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY

Accounting 1-2: (11-12)  Prerequisite: Completion of Geometry 1-2.  This is two-quarter course for juniors and seniors (sophomores with counselor recommendation).  The class is available for those students who plan to pursue business courses in college.  It is the study of recording and interpreting all types of business transactions.  Accounting is highly recommended for those college-bound students who expect to major in any area of business.  Students interested in the Business Career Path Program should wait until their senior year to take this class.  This course is articulated with Grossmont College.

AP Computer Sciences 1H:  Prerequisite:  Successful completion of Algebra II (or concurrent enrollment) and concurrent enrollment in Computer Programming 1H or consent of instructor. This is a two-quarter course intended to serve both as an introductory course for computer science majors and as a substantial service course for people who will major in other disciplines that require significant involvement with computing.  The major emphasis is an Advanced Placement Computer Science course in on programming methodology, algorithms, and data structures.  Applications of computing provide the context in which these subjects are treated.  Applications are used to develop student awareness of the need of particular algorithms and data structures as well as to provide topics for programming assignments to which students can apply their knowledge.  This course meets the University of California “F” requirement. 

Business Tech 1:  In this one-quarter course students develop abilities related to the use of computers and technology, which they are then able to use to communicate their ideas into other classes, homes, communities, and future work places.  Students will learn to keyboard by touch; they will gain skills in using word processing and spreadsheets.  Students will start folders on computer to use as a reference for later projects.  This class is open to students of all grade levels, but recommended during the freshman year.  This course, in conjunction with Tech Discoveries, meets the technology foundations graduation requirement.

Computer 3D Design and Animation:  (10-12) Prerequisite: Tech Discoveries.  In this course you will learn the cutting edge of 3D design and animation.  You will use state of the art software to create Hollywood-quality, three-dimensional designs and animations.  You will learn to create the same visual effects used in movies, television, video games, and web pages. 

ROP Computer Repair: (Age 16+)   This course provides entry level, upgrade and advanced training in computer repair and 3COM Certification.  Employment opportunities include PC technician and microcomputer customer representative.  Class teaches to A+ testing.

Computer Programming 1H:  Prerequisite:  Successful completion of Algebra II (or concurrent enrollment) or consent of instructor. This is a two-quarter computer-programming course for the college-bound student.  Students will learn to develop algorithms to solve problems, to write programs, and to diagnose errors in the algorithms and their programs.  This course meets the University of California “F” requirement.

ROP Computer Applications: (Age 16+)  This course provides entry-level, upgrade, and advanced training in computer applications.  Instruction covers the following areas:  operating systems, word processing, spreadsheets, databases, desktop publishing, presentation software, multimedia, networks, and job-keeping skills.  Students learn to use personal computers, printers, scanners, digital cameras, etc.  As part of the general instruction, reinforcement of basic skills is provided to assist students in practicing communications skills, speaking clearly using standard English, utilizing listening skills to follow directions, gaining information and reading to perform assignments and tasks as directed. This course is open to students 16 years and older.  This course, in conjunction with Tech Discoveries, meets the technology foundations graduation requirement.

Tech Discoveries 1:  The curriculum of this one-quarter class is designed so that students will be exposed to various technological concepts and career paths.  Students will learn a minimum of 7 technology skills including computer animation, digital imagery, digital video editing, and web page design.  This course, in conjunction with Business Tech or ROP Computer Applications, meets the technology foundations graduation requirement.

Telecommunications 1-4S  (Video Production): (10-12)  Prerequisite:  Tech Discoveries or consent of the instructor. This yearlong (A/B) course introduces the basics of video production utilizing a professional camcorder and video editing equipment.  Students study video technologies, basic equipment operation, video composition, basic lighting and audio, production planning, and visual storytelling.  Students work in groups to create various projects including short films and music videos.

Video Game Design and Creation:  Prerequisite: Tech Discoveries or consent of the Instructor. This two-quarter course offers a strong foundation in video game design through the study of gaming technology, game design process, animation, and level design. Students will learn to analyze games and gameplay elements, examine genres and trends in gaming, and learn basic programming skills.  During the course of this class, students will create several video games that will be published online.

Virtual Enterprise 1: (12)  Virtual Enterprise is a simulated business class designed to give students the experience of working in a real business environment.  The students determine the nature of their business, its products or services, and its management structure.  Students will conduct transactions with other Virtual Enterprise businesses across the United States and the world. Virtual Enterprise is a one-quarter course available only to seniors through the Business Career Path Program and will be taken concurrently with Economics.

Web Development 1-2:  Prerequisite:  Tech Disc/Business Tech.  This 2 quarter course is designed to provide a refined background in the knowledge required for web site development.  Software taught will include Macromedia Dreamweaver.  Skills include basic and intermediate HTML, graphic design, file format management, animated GIFs, digital camera operation,  ”Flash”, and more. The second Term will further integrate the different types of Internet authoring, including Flash/HTML integration, page frames/layers, Java-script integration, advanced imagery with Macromedia Fireworks, project and time management, industry research in company web site presences, resume creation and online portfolio design.  Web Development II students will take roles as project managers on the Helix Charter High School web site.  Students may also receive letters of recommendation, outlining their skills where demonstrated. 


 

ENGLISH

English 3-4C: (10) This two-quarter course emphasizes expository writing, research, literary analysis and oral communication skills for the college-bound student as outlined in the English-Language Arts Standards for California Public Schools.  This course meets the UC/CSU English “B” requirement. 

English 3-4H: (10) This honors course allows students to challenge themselves with more advanced analytical skills than English 3-4C, requiring additional reading and writing as self-directed learners. The 10th grade students continue an in-depth study of literary genres and extensive composition and research skills.  Selection is based on student performance and a teacher or counselor recommendation.  Summer assignment is required.  See Department Chair.  This course meets the UC/CSU English “B” requirement. 

English 5-6C: (11) This two-quarter course emphasizes expository writing, research, literary analysis of American authors, and oral communication skills for the college-bound student as outlined in the English-Language Arts Standards for California Public Schools.  This course meets the UC/CSU English “B” requirement. 

AP English Language & Composition: (11) This is a yearlong A/B course.  The focus of the reading is on the methods used by authors, primarily in non-fiction writing, to express their views.  Style analysis and recognition of style devices is one important focus.  Writing includes analytical papers: paragraph, timed writing, and formal essay.  Assigned work is quantitatively and qualitatively different from college prep courses, as this class prepares students for the AP English test in Language and Composition.  Selection is based on teacher or counselor recommendation.  Summer assignment is required. See Department Chair.  This course meets the UC/CSU English “B” requirement. 

Senior English Choices:

1.                   1. English 7-8C: This two-quarter course emphasizes expository writing, research, analysis of a broad range of literary styles, and oral communication skills for the college-bound student as outlined in the English Language Arts Standards for California Public Schools.  This course meets the UC/CSU English “B” requirement. 

2.                   2. English 110 (Offering concurrent enrollment in Grossmont Community College):   This two-quarter course earns a student senior English credit AND three units of junior college elective credit.  This course will be offered Tuesday and Thursday, 4th period. Students must apply for admissions to Grossmont College this spring before taking the placement exam.  Registration for this course will take place in late August, (NO FEES).  The instruction will enhance competence in the writing of short expository and argumentative compositions, will review and practice grammatical issues on the EPT, and will use non-fiction readings to stimulate clarity in thought and written expression. Students will complete their Senior Project research paper in this course. Attendance is expected for writing and grammar workshops, as well as weekly homework review. This course meets the UC “B” or “G” requirements.  Prerequisite:  Must have a “B” or better in English 5/6C.

3.                   3. Humanities 1-2C: This is a two-quarter course designed for 11th and 12th grade students who want a foundation in fine arts/humanities study.  Painting, sculpture, photography, classical and jazz music, and architecture are emphasized.  The course provides a foundation in each media and the contribution of these humanities to our culture, and students will research artists and present their findings in a seminar setting.  This course meets the UC “B” or “G” requirements.  Juniors must be concurrently enrolled in English 5-6. 

4.                   4. Multi-Cultural Literature 1-2C: This two-quarter course emphasizes expository writing, research, oral communication and literary analysis of rich, diverse multi-cultural essays, poems and books.  Students encounter a variety of literary styles and “new” current authors who inspire with their cultural visions, speaking directly to students about universal values and themes.  This course meets the University of California “B” and “G” requirements.  Juniors may concurrently enroll in this course with English 5-6.

5.                   5. AP English Literature & Composition:  This is a three-quarter course.  Reading includes deep textual analysis of myth as symbol, Shakespearean drama as literature, short fiction and poetry, especially that of the Romantic Period.  Writing includes “creative” writing in any mode of discourse but emphasizes advanced exposition from the paragraph to the